Meeting the Demand for Clergy in Victorian England :: European History

Meeting the Demand for Clergy in Victorian England    Many new changes came to Victorian England as a result of the age of industrialization. Where there were once small country parishes, manufacturing towns were springing up. One change resulting from industrialization was the shortage of clergy to fill the new parishes in these towns. These new parishes reflect the demographic changes of the English countryside. Rural villages grew into booming towns. Where a single parish was once sufficient, there was now a need for multiple parishes. The Church of England went about meeting these demands for new clergy in two major ways, actively recruiting men to the clergy and restructuring theological facilities and changing the requirements for ordination. These factors show us some of the upheaval and reconstruction that was going on in the Anglican Church in Victorian England. This was a direct result of the need to train a large number of clergy in a relatively short period of time. Industrialization changed the demographic make up of England. In The Victorian Church in York Edward Royle states that "As suburban development turned sparsely populated manors into thriving and populous communities, further parochial sub-division took place" (2). Where small parishes once were sufficient, the larger manufacturing towns demanded more parishes be added to minister to the larger population. In 1832 the "Church of England was in danger and quite unequipped for ministry to an emerging urban industrial society" (Parsons 16). There was a shortage of clergy because of the rapid unanticipated growth. The demand for so many clergy to be ordained quickly led to restructuring clerical requirements. This demand could be shown in mere numbers, for example: "In 1841 there were just over 14,000 clergy in England and in 1891 there were more than 24,000" (Parsons 25). In the 1840s these clergy were primarily trained at the two major universities, Oxford and Cambridge. A small percentage (14%) came from small theological colleges. Many people could not afford to send their sons to these universities for the length of time required to become ordained. The combination of the increased demand in number of clergy needed and the time restriction for development created a crisis. The result of this crisis, was the development of the lesser theological colleges for the non-ordained and vocationally trained clergy.. This caused a number of issues to be raised. The result of this trend was " the growth of non-university clergy and the inadequacy of its theological instruction" (qtd.

Organizational Behaviour Learnings

Organizational Behaviour Learnings: OB course has given me a better understanding of the behavioural processes in an organization and provided me with a guideline for tackling various situations that I am likely to come across and be better equipped to function as a future manager within any stage of my work-life. During my work life at TCS,I have come across various kind of people. Some of them being arrogant,stern,unapproachable vis-a-vis others who were friendly, helpful and always in high spirits. Initial days the question I kept asking to myself was to do all the work assigned to me by myself or should I seek help from my colleagues. It was the initial steps I was taking into an unknown corporate jungle and I was full of doubts. One of the learning’s I had was how to balance work and life. There were periods of long working hours when we will have to work extra hours and come to office during the weekends. Along with this there was continuous phone calls asking for updates and the likes during the few hours I got to spend away from work. As a beginner I was eager to do more work and take on the added responsibility. But as the pressure mounted it was affecting my physical and mental self. OB gives us an insight into such a situation upfront and offers on how to tackle them to have a balanced work-life. One other key things one has to learn is to say NO to things. Even if you are the smartest and most hardworking employee on the planet ,it is impossible to do everything by yourself. We must learn to turn down the tasks which we logically could conclude that we wont be able to finish within the timeline and also learn to delegate and share work. Pursuit of career growth is only one facet of life and we must learn to juggle between the various other roles of life also. As I took up the role of leading a team of 20 people, the various uncertainties such as whom to assign what work, how to manage deadlines coming from superiors, learning the art of allocating time between meetings and dealing with various team dynamics as a manager came to life. Task allocation had to be done judiciously, prioritizing the work at hand and assigning it to the right people. I soon had 3-4 team members who were very enthusiastic and ready to take upon more challenging tasks and on the other hand a few who were very laid back and didn’t take work seriously. The trick was in assigning the high priority challenging tasks to the first kind and the mundane tasks to the other. Alongside this I used to talk to all my team members if they were dissatisfied with what they did and how I could make work-life better for them. As we fill into the shoes of a manager, we move from an individual perspective to managing a team wherein each of the team member has to be understood and also the team dynamics. OB learning comes in handy as it teaches us about how the team dynamics differs from an individualistic point of view. I handled multiple tasks within the project and hence had to work under different people, each having his/her own take on their subordinates and they treated them differently. We should understand the nature of the people we work under and modify the way we present ourselves to them as each one’s expectations will be different. This is where Interpersonal communication and relations that we learn in OB helps us to evolve with our Boss. OB also teaches us about how to handle emotions and personality in a work environment. There were many situations where I got frustrated with my Boss or with my team mates. This naturally happens as we are working on stringent timelines and clash of ideas are likely to happen. Maintaining composure and dealing with such emotionally challenging situations can define your personality among your colleagues. Another vital factor is the motivation we expect from the work – life. Personally I always was focussed on climbing up the corporate ladder and looked forward to new challenges. During initial phases I was subjected to monotonous, time consuming work. I was going off-course and there wasn’t any motivation in me to work. My manager noticed this and after a brief talk, she understood the negative effect it was having on me and further gave me different role and responsibility which instilled new life in me to work and bought back the urge in me to perform. Understanding what you want, your hygiene and motivating factor early will enable you to enjoy your work and hence have a positive effect overall. Also the lure of an onsite was an added motivation that many employees shared in hope of earning big bucks and spending time overseas. Organizational politics is an unavoidable part for any employee . Its a social work group where biases, favouritism’s and down-play rules. I also got entangled and initially caught unaware on which side to take. There are multiple teams in parallel and taking side with one senior or group will irk the other. Here is where tactfulness and being smart counts and here we must also learn to utilise the art of persuasion. A persuader must match his emotional fervour to the audience’s ability to receive the message and use the smarter way of negotiation. Many a times during my work life I had to convince the team members about the importance of work they are doing and the impact it carries within the project. Also as a team lead I had to persuade and convince the project manager of the additional resources I needed or for extending the timelines. Another aspect that forms the crux of OB is the way of communicating yourself and making yourself being heard. In a MNC with the large work group and complex hierarchies, one must really put in the extra effort to be heard amongst the crowd. For me, I learnt the secret lies in persistence and not giving up when you are ignored. If you give up no one is going to care about what you told and its brushed aside. On the other hand if you can reason yourself and understand whom to communicate it to within the hierarchy it makes all the difference. Working as a part of an Agile team we used to have daily stand-up meetings with the onsite where each days performance was analysed and commented upon. A manager has to be prompt in explaining his team’s daily activities and resolve any conflict that occurs due to clash of ideas. A team goal is defined at the start and objectives are laid which are pursued by the team. Whilst the manager has to deal with the complexities occurring in the work place, a leader is one who has to deal with the change. We had a leader who kept a watch on the proceedings and kept looking for other alternatives, technology advancements, client requirement changes etc and incorporated some breakthrough changes which redefined the goals and objectives that was set in initial stages. The drawbacks I found in OB learning was the extend up to which these theoretical learning’s could be taken over and practically applied to the ever changing and fast paced workspace. The theories and case studies are rational and very relevant to the current organizational scenario. But the effectiveness it can deliver as a pure theory subject is what raises my concern. Unless we learn these behavioural norms in an active way like learn it while experiencing it ,these theories will remain just as a dormant learning within us. The effectiveness could be brought in by giving more role plays and real life case studies which can be solved by us by creating a virtual organizational simulation inside the four walls of a classroom.

Powerful Women and Submissive Women in Njals Saga and the...

Powerful Women V. Submissive Women by Sean Conolly Ancient societies and their cultures traditionally provided women with no access to power. It was nearly universal for women to be treated as subservient to men while being expected to behave mildly and submissively. The New Testament makes no exception. The Apostle Paul explains that through Christ, women are absolved of constraints that the social hierarchy imposes on them, but he later goes on to explain that even in Christ a religious hierarchy still exists. By acknowledging that women are inferior to men in both the social and religious circles, Paul presents women as subordinates. This contrasts with Njal’s Saga. Through the saga’s characters Gunnhild, Hallgerd, and Bergthora,†¦show more content†¦This suggestion is eventually confirmed when she successfully convinces the King to accept Hrut as a bodyguard (Njal’s Saga, 8). Even though the King is the superior, Gunnhild still possesses the ability to influence him. Her influence demonstrates her ab ility to assume and exercise a degree of power. It is through her power that Gunnhild goes on to instigate a chain of events. After having Hrut as a lover for several seasons, Gunnhild reasserts her power when Hrut asks to return to Iceland. Though she lets him return, she sends a curse along with him. She says, â€Å"If I have as much power over you as I think I have, then I cast this spell: you will not have sexual pleasure with the woman you plan to marry in Iceland, though you’ll be able to have your will with other women. Neither of us comes out of this well, because you did not tell me the truth (Njal’s Saga, 13).† The curse she places on Hrut actually comes true (Njal’s Saga, 16). Hrut cannot please his wife and Gunnhild’s desire to hold a degree of dominance over Hrut is fulfilled. Because Hrut wants to please his wife but cannot, his desires are unfulfilled. This suggests that Gunnhild’s demands and desires are superior to those of men. It is the demands and desires of a woman t hat instigate events. The author immediately presents Gunnhild in the very first significant

Malcom Xs Impacts on History Essay - 778 Words

â€Å"I don’t even call it violence when it’s in self defense; I call it intelligence.† were once words spoken from a man greatly known in the African American community. This man was Malcolm X. An expressive public speaker, with a charismatic personality, and an untiring organizer, Malcolm X expressed the pent up anger, frustration, and bitterness of African Americans during the major phase of the civil rights movement from 1955 to 1965. Malcolm X spoke of a violent revolution, which would bring about radical change for the black race, while a man with the name of Martin Luther King Jr. spoke out to all people. Martin Luther King Jr. promoted non-violence, civil rights, and the end to racial segregation, while Malcolm X dreamed of a separate†¦show more content†¦If police had not taken physical actions towards Hinton, and if Malcolm X had gotten what he asked for sooner, then maybe there would not have been any anger and disappointment from Malcolm. Pl us having his family harassed every day, and being under FBI watch twenty-four seven, all caused Malcolm X to be angry and extremely opinionated at the â€Å"white man†. Malcolm Xs siblings, four of whom had already converted to Islam, introduced Malcolm to the words of Elijah Muhammad, the Nation of Islams leader. The two men communicated, and Malcolm continued his course of study, and eventually wrote to the Massachusetts governor and demanded the right to practice Islam in prison. He also joined the prison debate team and began attracting attention for his public speaking skills. Malcolm X’s career would have been very different if he had not been introduced to the nation of Islam. Malcolm X, before being introduced to the nation of Islam, was involved any many criminal activates. By the time Malcolm was 20, he was sent to prison for 10yrs, for street hustling, burglary, gambling, selling drugs and other criminal behavior. If Malcolm was not introduced to The Natio n of Islam, his career would have been drastically different. Malcolm could have gotten out of prison and continued to sell drugs, gamble and steal, which wouldn’t have made him a hero to all African Americans, but a criminal, that cared about nothing, but himself. In April, 1964 MalcolmShow MoreRelatedMalcom X and Amy Tan761 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom the typical way people learn to read? 2.Though Malcolm changed many of his views after the time covered in this portion of his autobiography, the project of recovering African history remained important to him and remains important to many African Americans. How do you react to his claims about African history? Tan, Mother Tongue 1.List the different Englishes Tan describes, defining each. 2.Do you use different languages yourself? Even if English is your sole language, consider howRead MoreThe Literacy Of Literacy, By Deborah Brandt, And Malcom X Essay1428 Words   |  6 Pagesmother, myself, my high school English teacher, and even my librarian. Even the authors Deborah Brandt, and Malcom X have supported my claim. The essay, â€Å"Sponsors of Literacy† was written by Deborah Brandt, who connected her writing with her sponsors. Malcom X’s essay, â€Å"Learning to Read†, reminded me of one of the most important things I know. These people, myself included, have made a crucial impact on the literacy information I have and will always need in order to succeed with literature and in lifeRead MoreZeitoun Rhetorical Essay1440 Words   |  6 Pagesreputation. This award shows that Eggers wrote a book worthy of an award. Also, in a New York Times book review, Timothy Egan states, â€Å"Fifty years from now, when people want to know what happened to th is one-great city during a shameful episode of our history, they will be talking about a family named Zeitoun (qtd. in Eggers).† This book review by Mr. Egan gives Eggers positive feedback on his work. Along with this award and book review, Eggers has written many other fiction and non-fiction titles. TheRead MoreEssay On Maya Angelou1400 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican American; having a wide range, multi-series autobiographies that lays the foundation of her identity as a American black woman. The acclaimed Maya Angelou’s legacy not only impacted American culture that will resonate with people through history, but create insight to a whole new world. Maya Angelou was born Marguerite Annie Johnson on April 4, 1928, in St.Louis, Missouri. When she was three her parents divorced, and her and her brother Bailey were sent to live with their grandma, AnnieRead More Malcolm X Essay1012 Words   |  5 Pages Malcolm X No one really knows what kind of impact Malcolm X would have had on history if he had not been assassinated. His beliefs and philosophy did gain him a place in history as one of the best-known Black Nationalist Leaders. Everyone seems to have known who Malcolm X was, and he ranks high with all other Black leaders. His ideas were radical and he was very out spoken. He was a major force in the development of black history. He fought not only for his people but also for all oppressed peopleRead MoreMalcolm X And The Civil Rights Era1852 Words   |  8 PagesDuring a very significant time period of American History, many leaders, particularly Malcolm X, rose to prominence during the Civil Rights era. The mid 1900’s was a time of racial segregation, and discrimination leading to a worldwide issue between the black and white races. â€Å"By any means necessary†, a famous quote breeds from this time of racial discrimination which brought together thousands of people to get wh at they as humans deserved. 100 years after the Emancipation Proclamation, African AmericansRead MoreMartin Luther King Impact1553 Words   |  7 Pagesthreats daily. In addition, another person, Malcolm X became a leading figure in the movement, promoting black power and protests in a radical, violent fashion. One does not have to look far to find the impact that Martin Luther has had on society. The significance of King has weaved its way into history, and will be studied by future generations to come. 125 schools and 770 are named in honour of him , and a Martin Luther King Day marks his successes and achievements. He is portrayed as a saint, whichRead MoreMalcolm X s Influence On Society1391 Words   |  6 Pagesjoining the Nation of Islam. It was until his release in 1952 that he decided to change his legal last name from â€Å"Little† to â€Å"X† as an honor to his ancestors (Malcolm X, 2016). Little did he know that these changes would soon have such a tremend ous impact. THE NATION OF ISLAM The Nation of Islam was founded by Wallace Fard in the 1930’s (Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam). It was claimed by Fard that Islam was much more related towards the African roots compared to any other religion, therefore, whoeverRead MoreAfrican Americans And African American History3444 Words   |  14 PagesSince colonialism, blacks have been subjected to white standards of beauty. For African Americans, gaining acceptance in society was once synonymous with whitening one’s appearance. Throughout African American history, black women have styled their hair in order to avoid shame and mortification and attempt to appear under American standards of beauty. For example, during slavery, slaves were required to change their hair to resemble white beauty standards. Changes in hairstyles varied between light-skinned

Domestic Violence And Its Effects On Our Society Essay

Every action is followed by a reaction; however, occasionally the reaction is only a temporary solution that leads to long-term consequences. This is especially true of how domestic violence is currently governed by the criminal justice system and social norms. A lack of preventative care exists and this ignores the consequences of domestic violence in our society. Incidents of domestic violence are often treated as one-time or isolated occurrences; however, in many cases abusers and victims fall back into these learnt behaviors. Therefore, domestic violence is a never-ending cycle that cannot be stopped without cultural and legal changes that focus on preventing further instances of violence and empowering victims to break the cycle. Domestic violence, alternatively referred to as Intimate Partner Violence, is defined by the Department of Justice as â€Å"a pattern of abusive behavior in any relationship that is used by one partner to gain or maintain power and control over another intimate partner.† While domestic violence is commonly thought of as only physical or sexual abuse, domestic violence can also be emotional, economic, or psychological. Domestic violence has remained constant in society throughout history, even though over time society’s response to the issue has changed. While domestic violence affects everyone regardless of race, gender, age, etc. it is estimated that approximately 90% of all victims are women. For the purpose of this paper, I will be focusing onShow MoreRelatedDomestic Violence Is A Crisis1171 Words   |  5 Pagesmost of us go about with our eyes closed towards the crisis of domestic violence. A study done showed that every nine seconds a women is beaten or assault ed (â€Å"Statistics†). The time that it has taken you to read to this point is the time it has taken for a women to be hit by this crisis. Yet, so many think that the concern for domestic violence is over-exaggerated. Many think that there are so many other epidemics going on that should take precedence over domestic violence. Besides worrying aboutRead MoreEssay on Gender Bias and Domestic Violence1197 Words   |  5 Pagesin American society. There has always seemed to be one set of standards that apply to men, and another set of standards that apply to women. This is evident in the home, workplace, and all throughout society. I would like to briefly discuss some of the differences that we learn about our gender, which will enable us to better understand men, women, and domestic violence in society today. Once we understand causation, we can then begin to understand effects and prevention. Our roles as menRead MoreEffects of Domestic Violence on Children1124 Words   |  5 PagesThe biggest victims of domestic violence are the littlest. The home is a suppose to be a safe and secure environment for children with loving parents and free from violence. Children need a secure environment where they can come home to when the outside world is unsafe. However, every year there are millions of children who’s homes are not a safe haven. Millions of children are exposed to a parent being violently assaulted. Domestic violence is a prevalent social issue in America today. First, whoRead MoreA Social Issue That Is On Domestic Violence1695 Words   |  7 Pagessocial issue that is on Domestic Violence. Domestic Violence is a big social issue that happens all around the world. It affects many people in many different ways. The aim of this report is to identify what Domestic Violence is and what it can really do to the community and how we can help. 2. What is Domestic Violence? Also known as intimate partner violence, it is a form of violence that can occur with any relationship. There can be more than 1 type of Domestic Violence, Social, Physical, EmotionalRead MoreDomestic Violence And Children On Children1642 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic Violence and Children There are many studies that have been done over the past decade that does a comparison of children of domestic violence to those that have not experienced it. We cannot say for sure what number or percentage is affected each day or year. However, it is a widespread national problem that affects children today. Domestic violence has long been a hot topic and statics shows that† every 15 seconds a woman in the United States of America is beaten† (Beller 2015, p. 207)Read MoreThe Issue Of Domestic Violence1312 Words   |  6 Pagescasino security and others were trying to help her. Rice, being a public figure, brought the issue of domestic violence to the forefront of all media outlets. For several weeks this was the topic of all new stations, magazines, and internet sites. The public was appalled at Rice’s actions and many were angry at his fiancà © for sticking by him. Many questions arose about Rice’s case and domestic violence in general. For example, â€Å"Doesn’t he know any better†? â€Å"Why did she go on to marry Rice a month afterRead MoreIntimate Partner Violence And Sexual Relationships1379 Words   |  6 PagesIntimate Partner Violence One of the biggest problems that have been happening in some households over the last numbers of years is intimate partner violence (IPV). IPV has been identified as a world-wide public health concern (Kulwicki and Miller, 1999). The term intimate partner violence has been defined as the physical, emotional, verbal, or sexual abuse between a person and their spouse, this includes cohabitation and marriage. This type of violence will usually involve harm/control from oneRead MoreDomestic Violence is a Global Issue1347 Words   |  5 PagesDomestic Violence (DV) is a critical social issue that negatively impacts not only our own culture in America but as well as all other cultures around the world. Domestic Violence is a global issue reaching across national boundaries as well as socio-economic, cultural, racial and class distinctions (Kaur Garg 2008). Domestic Violence is a serious problem that can be seen around every society from families of both developed and underdeveloped count ries and of different backgrounds. Although thereRead MoreA Brief Draft On Advocate For Abused Women And Children1268 Words   |  6 Pagescommunity on the effect of domestic violence on children. Everyone knows that violence at home affects every member of the family. That is why the organization will provide large range of service which includes group counselling, case management advocacy, doctors, nurses etc. Abused women and children are the weaker set of people in our society; they need the support of the people and leaders in our society. Applying the wisdom of the sadhu, Hobbes, kyi and al-farabi, the leaders of our organizationRead MoreCause an Effect of Domestic Violence Essay1005 Words   |  5 PagesCause and Effect of Domestic Violence 1 Each year in the United States, an estimated two-to-four million women experience serious abuse from a male partner and thousands are killed. As many as one-in-three adult women is abused by an intimate during her lifetime. While only 5% of all annual violence against men is by a partner, 28% of all annual violence to women is by an intimate and 70% of intimate murder victims are women. Domestic violence is one of the major causes for emergency room

Walmart Facing Discrimination Lawsuit Free Essays

American retail giant Walmart was going to face the largest class-action employment lawsuit in U.S history when a federal appeals court was ultimately allowed the combined multiparty litigation to move ahead to trial. After that, Walmart decided to ask the U. We will write a custom essay sample on Walmart Facing Discrimination Lawsuit or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. Supreme Court to review the ruling of the federal appeals court. And the U.S. Supreme Court agreed to hear the case. The lawsuit was first filed by Betty Dukes, a store greeter in Pittsburg, California, along with five of her co-workers in 2001. In that case, Walmart is accused of paying women on salary and those hourly wages less than men for the same jobs and giving them fewer opportunities for promotion. The workers also said that women workers made up more than 70 percent of Walmart’s hourly work force, but made up less than one-third of its store management in the past decade. The plaintiffs wanted back pay and punitive damage. Now the question for the U.S Supreme Court is not if there was discrimination but if the claims by the individual employees can be combined as a class action. If the previous ruling stood, the case would cover about 1.5 million-plus women including all current and former women workers, and their claims could amount to billions of dollars. And this case will become the biggest private gender-bias case in U.S. history. This case is a very important business issue for Walmart, and any senior manager of the organization should care about this. Not only because of the billions of dollars Walmart might have to pay out, but also the impact and damage it would cost on the company’s image. The plaintiffs in this case was seeking back pay and punitive damage, and due to the fact that over 1.5 million walmart female workers could be involved, the claim could be up to billions of dollars. This would be a big loss to the company. Also, Walmart tried to project an improved image for the organization, and this case could be a big blow to the company’s image. Moreover, the case might also lead to drop in company’s stock price. And most importantly, if this case ultimately proceed to trial, it might lead to a lot more similar cases against the company. In this issue, there are many stakeholders involved. First of all, Walmart’s shareholders are one of the key stakeholders. Because if the case get proceed, there is a very big chance in dropping in the company stock price. And if Walmart utimately lost the case, the company would need to pay billion of dollars. In both situations, the company’s shareholders would have direct financial loss. Although the shareholders might have no interest on company’s image, they would still hope the company can solve the issue as soon as possible and in an efficient way. Though they are the shareholders of the company, they had not much power regarding to this issue. There are not much they can do to help the company. They might sell their shares if they thought the future of the company is uncertain. Another key stakeholder is the management of Walmart. They are one of the main reasons why Walmart is facing the discrimination issue. The female workers filed a lawsuit since they thought Walmart management treated them unfairly. If the case get proceed and Walmart ultimately lost the case, the Board of Directors might want to review and lay off part of the managment to prevent similar issues from happening again. Since the issue is now already in stage 4, there is not much the management could do. Walmart’s Board of Directors are surely one of the key stakeholders. The issue directly affects the company’s revenue and earning, therefore it had direct impact on the Board of Directors. Also, since the company’s managment was responsible for this issue, and the managment was chosen by the Board of Directors, therefore, they were responsible for the issue too. The Board of Directors would try to solve the issue as soon as possible but in an efficient way. They would want to solve the issue soon in order to protect the company’s image and substain the customers’ confidence. However, they would not settle the issue easily since they need to act in the best interest of the company. The last key stakeholders are the workers of the company, especially the female workers. Because this case had a big influence on the benefit of the company’s workers. No matter how the case go, Walmart’s managment would adjust the way they treat their workers. And if the ruling is favor of the workers, they would get back pay and claim for the punitive damage. And if that is the case, the company’s workers will have more power to them. This case could be seen as an example for any similar cases. To solve this action, the company would want to protect and improve the company’s image as a good corporate. Also, Walmart would not mind pay some claim to settle the lawsuit, since they would like to settle the issue quickly in order to gain back customers’ confidence. However, they would only settle for some reasonable amount. In my opinion, Walmart should face the lawsuit and wait for the result from the U.S Supreme Court. It is because this case could affect far more than this case. If the company settle for the issue, there is a big chance that more similar cases would come up in the future. And that is not good for the company future development. The key decision maker of Walmart should not settle easily in this particular case. Other than this strategy, Walmart could try to settle with the workers with compromises. In order to aviod the lawsuit, the company could negotiate with the workers and try to settle by paying a significate amount of dollars. The amount could be a very huge number considering the case involved over 1.5 million female workers. However, this strategy might lead to more of the similar cases and more lawsuits against the company. Therefore, I would recommend Walmart’s ket decision maker to take the first strategy. Walmart should wait for the result from the U.S. Supreme Court and let the court to determine the result, it is the best interest for the company’s future and development. How to cite Walmart Facing Discrimination Lawsuit, Essay examples

Penal Laws

Question: What is Penal Laws? Answer: Definition: According to sec 377A of the Penal code of Singapore, if any male person, in public place or in private does any act of gross indecency with another male person, then those persons shall be punished with imprisonment which may be extended to two years. This particular section of the concern statute deals with sex between men, that is gay sex. This section does not apply to women. Homosexuality is an offence under the penal statute of Singapore. Oral sex also falls within the purview of this section. Females are exempted from this section. Issues: Sec. 377A starts with a moral question, that is do homosexuals in our society should have the right to have sex in private. Few more question arises like what is the actual role and value of sex in the society, the right of the human beings should be interfered or not, should people go against the nature. These questions cannot be answered by staying within the scope of law. On ethical views it can be gathered that going against the nature cannot be the ethic of any human being, but the other part of the coin says that maintaining self dignity by not let others to interfere in any ones personal issues can be a good ethic. In social phenomena it can be considered that a person can do anything unless he or she does not violate the right of any other person. In a country like United States America homosexuality is legal but in the present society of Singapore still it is not adaptable. This provision conducts the sexual willingness of a good number of homosexual persons. But non applicability of this provision may change the present situation of the society (dna, 2014). Arguments for upholding Sec. 377A: The highest court in Singapore has rejected the submission against section 377A, which contained section 377A contravenes the law of the land that is the Constitution. In a 101 pages judgment the Honble court has clearly mentioned that section 377A is not unconstitutional and does not violate Art. 9 and Art. 12 of the constitution. The Honble court stressed on the legal guidelines and legitimacy of the provision and avoided those part of the submission indicating social and moral ethics (Straitstimes.com, 2014). The Honble court held that the concern provision does not violates Art. 9, as right to life and liberty means liberty of a person from any unlawfull incarceration, it does not signify the right of an individual of personal autonomy. The court also held that the provision does not falling within the scope of Art. 12 of the constitution as Art. 12 deals with the discrimination based on religion, race, and place of birth, which is specifically mentioned in that provision but the re is nothing mentioned regarding gender or sexual orientation (Lee, 2014). The three judge court has has observed and judged that section 377A is constitutional and does not violate any of the provisions of human rights vested by the concern law of Singapore (Tan Tan, 2014). Homosexuality is now an increasing menace for the traditional Singapore society and it should not be tolerated and the law should be supportive to the moral values of more individuals not the lesser ones, and the laws are framed by keeping in mind the welfare of the individuals (Uk.reuters.com, 2014). On 29th October, 2014, the Court of Appeal, Singapore has declared section 377A as constitutional and completely valid, and shall be in force (SAYS.com, 2014). Arguments against upholding sec. 377A: The constitution of the country says that there shall be no discrimination among the citizens and each of them shall be treated as equal. But Sec. 377A discriminate among males and females as this section is applicable only for men (Anheier, Juergensmeyer Faessel, 2012). Tan Eng hong was the first person who has challenged sec. 377A before the Ld. Court at Singapore, as he was cought in doing oral sex in a public toilet, two years later Gary Lim and Kenneth Chee, a gay couple challenged the above mentioned provision. They argued that Article 9 of the constitution guarantees that every person shall have the right to life and personal liberty, and article 12 of the constitution says that all persons are equal before the law and every one shall have the right to equal protection of law. Section 377A of the statute not only violates the right to equality by making discrimination among males and females but it also infringes the right to personal liberty as enjoying sex life is a very pe rsonal and delicate issue (The Economist, 2014). UN human rights office says that criminalizing an individual on the basis of his or her sexual preferences violates the human rights guaranted by the UN (Gaystarnews.com, 2014). Sec. 377 of the same statute which states that if any person does any sexual intercourse against the order of the nature with any man, woman or animal shall be punished with life imprisonment, or imprisonment for a term which may be extended to 10 years or with fine or with both, this section has been already repealed by the Penal code (amendmend ) Act, 2007 and a newly framed section 377 has been introduced (National Library Board, 2007). A petition to repeal sec. 377A has been presented by the Nominated Member Of the Parliament, in that petition the petitioner argued that the concern provision makes discrimination against homosexuals and bisexuals and it is unconstitutional, it contravenes art 9 and art. 12 of the constitution, they also argued that a person al act of any person should not be criminalized as it does not infringes the rights of any other individual (Essays in Singapore Legal History., 2005). In a country like Singapore homosexuality is not so popular and most the persons are not comfortable to being gays, but it does not signifies that they wants homosexuals to be penalized though it does not even affects the right of any other individual (Quora.com, 2014). References dna, 'Singapore's highest court upholds law criminalising gay sex | Latest News Updates at Daily News Analysis'. in , , 2014, https://www.dnaindia.com/world/report-singapore-s-highest-court-upholds-law-criminalising-gay-sex-2030294 [accessed 10 February 2015]. Essays in Singapore Legal History.. in , , 2005. Gaystarnews.com, 'Content about Section 377A of the Penal Code | Gay Star News'. in , , 2014, https://www.gaystarnews.com/topics/Section%20377A%20of%20the%20Penal%20Code [accessed 10 February 2015]. Lee, H, 'Section 377A of Penal Code upheld in Constitutional challenge'. inThe Online Citizen, , 2014, https://www.theonlinecitizen.com/2014/10/section-377a-of-penal-code-upheld-in-constitutional-challenge/ [accessed 10 February 2015]. National Library Board, S, 'Penal Code section 377A | Infopedia'. inEresources.nlb.gov.sg, , 2007, https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1639_2010-01-31.html [accessed 10 February 2015]. Quora.com, 'Why does the Singapore government choose to retain section 377A when the law is said to be not enforced? - Quora'. in , , 2014, https://www.quora.com/Why-does-the-Singapore-government-choose-to-retain-section-377A-when-the-law-is-said-to-be-not-enforced [accessed 10 February 2015]. SAYS.com, 'Singapore's Highest Court Upholds Ban On Sodomy, Says Section 377A Is Constitutional'. in , , 2014, https://says.com/my/news/singapore-s-highest-court-upholds-ban-on-sodomy-says-section-377a-is-constitutional [accessed 10 February 2015]. Straitstimes.com, 'Court of Appeal rules that Section 377A that criminalises sex between men is constitutional'. in , , 2014, https://www.straitstimes.com/news/singapore/courts-crime/story/court-appeal-rules-section-377a-criminalises-sex-between-men-const [accessed 10 February 2015]. Tan, J, J Tan, 'LGBT community shocked and disappointed by Section 377A verdict'. inYahoo News Singapore, , 2014, https://sg.news.yahoo.com/singapore-supreme-court-upholds-constitutionality-of-section-377a-criminalising-gay-sex-080706731.html [accessed 10 February 2015]. Uk.reuters.com, 'Singapore upholds law that criminalises gay sex'. in , , 2014, https://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/10/29/uk-singapore-lawmaking-idUKKBN0II10J20141029 [accessed 10 February 2015].